En el prólogo a la Fundamentación de la metafísica de las costumbres Kant advierte sobre la diferencia entre una reflexión sobre el fundamento de la moral y la idea de cómo ‘aplicar’ el principio de la moralidad a la vida cotidiana de los humanos. Según su propio punto de vista, la pregunta de cómo implementar la moral en la vida práctica supone la necesidad de adoptar la perspectiva de una antropología pragmática. En ese sentido, el objeto de este ensayo es (...) hacer una lectura pragmática del concepto de ciudadanía de Kant, desde la cual se comprende mejor su convicción de que lo político debe construirse sobre el fundamento de la moral: el respeto por la dignidad humana. Este punto de vista pragmático me permitirá aclarar: a) por qué piensa Kant que las graves dificultades de la política estriban en la tarea saber y poder establecer las medidas necesarias para garantizar el respeto a los derechos fundamentales, y b) de qué manera el concepto kantiano de ciudadanía cimenta la idea del reconocimiento mutuo de derechos y deberes. Para ello divido este ensayo en tres apartados: 1. Las ideas de derechos humanos y ciudadanos, y el concepto de derecho cosmopolita. 2. El concepto de ciudadanía a la luz de su concepto de un estado republicano; y 3. Cómo fue concebida por Kant la noción de ciudadanía para gente común y corriente, con sentido común. (shrink)

La fortaleza del pensamiento kantiano reside en la comprensión y la salvaguarda del enigma de la obra del arte como conciliación lograda del genio y del gusto, de la naturaleza y el espíritu. Debido a esta autonomía, la obra de arte, siendo un producto humano intencional, no se agota en resolver intereses cognoscitivos, prácticos o emocionales; apareciendo como una cosa entre las cosas, no se agrega solamente al mundo sino que lo transfigura. Kant resume esta propiedad de la obra de (...) arte en su poder para suscitar ideas estéticas. Gracias a éstas, la intuición de la imaginación puede proporcionarle al pensamiento contenidos de su interés, sin la obligación de prefijarlos o definirlos. (shrink)

El propósito de este ensayo es esclarecer el modo en que Heidegger plantea la pregunta por el tiempo en Ser y tiempo y cómo esta pregunta se constituye en el tema central de la obra. A partir de una consideración fenomenológica previa de la relación entre ser y tiempo que da título a la obra, la autora analiza la cita de El Sofista de Platón que sirve de epígrafe a la obra, para hacer ver la aporía que se plantea a (...) la pregunta por cuál sea el asunto mismo de la obra: o el ser o el tiempo. El análisis de la introducción a Ser y tiempo terminará por mostrar que es el sentido del concepto de la temporalidad que se gana en el desarrollo de la obra y no la fragmentariedad de la misma lo que determina que no haya cabida para una pregunta por el ser que exceda los límites de la temporalidad. (shrink)

No es un sinsentido decir que para el obispo de Hipona como, paro los neoplatónicos, el tiempo es imagen de la eternidad. Pero esa relación tiempo-eternidad tiene para Agustín un significado particular. Agustín busca demostrar en los libros XI a XIII de las Confesiones que el libro del Génesis es el Timeo de los cristianos. A la luz de las primeras líneas del Génesis, últimos libros de las Confesiones tienen por tarea alcanzar una comprensión del origen del universo que haga (...) ver cómo lo eterno obra continuamente sobre lo temporal, de tal modo que Agustín pueda fundar su dogma de la salvación en la relación tiempo-eternidad. Aquí la autora sigue el curso de las reflexiones del libro XI de las Confesiones para señalar al final, tanto la condena agustiniana de lo temporal como la problemática del concepto de eternidad. (shrink)

Aquí se reflexiona sobre el vínculo entre las nociones de vida buena, dignidad y reconocimiento. Para este propósito se ha dividido el presente ensayo en los siguientes apartados: 1. La idea de una vida buena y la búsqueda de la felicidad. 2. La indigencia de lo real y la pregunta por el sentido de la vida. 3. Los filósofos y la idea de una vida buena. 4. Vida buena, reconocimiento y el concepto kantiano de dignidad.

El artículo es un comentario a una de las tesis básicas de la introducción a la Crítica del Juicio. La actividad fundamental de la facultad de juzgar es la reflexión mediadora entre lo condicionado (la naturaleza) y lo incondicionado (la libertad). La reflexión no es conocimiento, pero sin ella no es posible el conocimiento. Esta problemática aparece en los conceptos de naturaleza y experiencia; con el concepto de naturaleza la reflexión trascendental tiene que poner la idea de unidad y totalidad (...) de la experiencia para que haya ajuste entre nuestras facultades cognoscitivas y el objeto de conocimiento. Pero dicho acto de la reflexión implica postular un principio de finalidad en la naturaleza, en analogía con el mundo de la libertad. Esta idea de la teleología orienta el pensamiento, la experiencia y la cultura humana que subordina el conocimiento a la moralidad. (shrink)

Sostenemos que la filosofía moral de Schopenhauer es una crítica a la sociedad, que puede ser considerada desde dos perspectivas. Por un lado, desde los fundamentos del pesimismo metafísico donde encuentra apoyo su crítica al Estado, las convenciones y los prejuicios, en suma, de lo que Schopenhauer llama el egoísmo fundamental de la condición humana (1. El concepto schopenhaueriano de filosofía. 2. El carácter crítico de su filosofía moral). Pero, por otra parte, lo que se pudiera llamar su esfuerzo por (...) pensar una conciliación dialéctica entre vita activa et vita contemplativa, donde el sentido ético de su filosofía encuentra una indicación de sus posibilidades en la consideración de la estética (3. El concepto de la compasión. 4. La actualidad de Schopenhauer). (shrink)

A fresh modern translation of a major French Revolutionary text, whose arguments for popular sovereignty are couched in the form of an Oriental dream-tale. This is a forgotten bestseller in the history of political thought which was translated by Thomas Jefferson and hugely influenced radical poets from Shelley to Whitman.

No es un sinsentido decir que para el obispo de Hipona como, paro los neoplatónicos, el tiempo es imagen de la eternidad. Pero esa relación tiempo-eternidad tiene para Agustín un significado particular. Agustín busca demostrar en los libros XI a XIII de las Confesiones que el libro del Génesis es el Timeo de los cristianos. A la luz de las primeras líneas del Génesis, últimos libros de las Confesiones tienen por tarea alcanzar una comprensión del origen del universo que haga (...) ver cómo lo eterno obra continuamente sobre lo temporal, de tal modo que Agustín pueda fundar su dogma de la salvación en la relación tiempo-eternidad. Aquí la autora sigue el curso de las reflexiones del libro XI de las Confesiones para señalar al final, tanto la condena agustiniana de lo temporal como la problemática del concepto de eternidad. (shrink)

La antigua creencia de que los humanos son seres compuestos de cuerpo y alma alivia el desconsuelo de que esta vida sea todo lo que tenemos, apaciguando el temor a la muerte al ofrecer la ilusión de una vida sin la carga dolorosa del cuerpo; pero también justifica prejuicios y supersticiones surgidos de fenómenos como el sueño, la alucinación o la mera imaginación. Esas hondas motivaciones recibirían con la filosofía cartesiana una poderosa justificación. Sin embargo, aceptar que cuerpo y mente (...) sean dos sustancias distintas ha planteado importantes problemas para los que pareciera no haber respuestas satisfactorias. [Fragmento]. (shrink)

Sostenemos que la filosofía moral de Schopenhauer es una crítica a la sociedad, que puede ser considerada desde dos perspectivas. Por un lado, desde los fundamentos del pesimismo metafísico donde encuentra apoyo su crítica al Estado, las convenciones y los prejuicios, en suma, de lo que Schopenhauer llama el egoísmo fundamental de la condición humana (1. El concepto schopenhaueriano de filosofía. 2. El carácter crítico de su filosofía moral). Pero, por otra parte, lo que se pudiera llamar su esfuerzo por (...) pensar una conciliación dialéctica entre vita activa et vita contemplativa, donde el sentido ético de su filosofía encuentra una indicación de sus posibilidades en la consideración de la estética (3. El concepto de la compasión. 4. La actualidad de Schopenhauer). (shrink)

Aquí se reflexiona sobre el vínculo entre las nociones de vida buena, dignidad y reconocimiento. Para este propósito se ha dividido el presente ensayo en los siguientes apartados: 1. La idea de una vida buena y la búsqueda de la felicidad. 2. La indigencia de lo real y la pregunta por el sentido de la vida. 3. Los filósofos y la idea de una vida buena. 4. Vida buena, reconocimiento y el concepto kantiano de dignidad.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is impacting the delivery of healthcare worldwide, creating dilemmas related to the duty to care. Although understanding the ethical dilemmas about the duty to care among nurses is necessary to allow effective preparation, few studies have explored these concerns. Aim: This study aimed to identify the ethical dilemmas among clinical nurses in Spain and Chile. It primarily aimed to identify nurses’ agreement with the duty to care despite high risks for themselves and/or their families, (...) describe nurses’ well-being and describe the associations between well-being and the duty to care. Research design: Cross-sectional self-reported anonymous data were collected between May and June 2020 via electronic survey distribution. Ethical considerations: The Institutional Ethical Review Committees in both countries approved the study. Findings: In total, 345 clinical nurses answered the primary question about the duty to care for the sick. Although in the total sample 77.4% agreed they have a duty to care for the sick, significant differences were found between the Spanish and Chilean samples. Overall, 53.6% of the nurses reported low levels of well-being; however, among those reporting low well-being, statistically significant differences were found between Spanish and Chilean nurses as 19.4% and 37.8%, respectively, disagreed with the statement regarding the duty to care. Discussion: Participants in both countries reported several ethical dilemmas, safety fears, consequent stress and low well-being. These results suggest that prompt actions are required to address nurses’ ethical concerns, as they might affect their willingness to work and psychological well-being. Conclusion: Our findings shed light on the ethical dilemmas nurses are facing related to the duty to care. Not only has the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic given rise to ethical challenges, but it has also affected nurses’ well-being and willingness to work during a pandemic. (shrink)

Singles are an understudied yet growing segment of the adult population. The current study aims to expand the lens of relationship science by examining the well-being of unpartnered, single adults using latent profile analysis. We recruited singles closely matched to the United States census for an exploratory cross-sectional survey using five variables that strongly predict well-being. All five variables significantly predicted life satisfaction for the full sample. Latent profile analyses detected 10 groups of singles. Half of the profiles were happy (...) and half of the profiles were unhappy. Each profile had its own unique patterns relating to personal relationships, self-esteem, and personality traits. The happiest profile had the best relationships, self-esteem, and personality, while the unhappiest profile had the worst relationships, self-esteem, and personality. The profiles in between these two extremes had more nuanced patterns. For example, one relatively happy profile in the middle had high friendship satisfaction but low family satisfaction, while an adjacent profile showed the opposite pattern. Overall, singles who had positive relationships—both with themselves and others—were happiest. (shrink)

Recent discussions of cognitive enhancement often note that drugs and technologies that improve cognitive performance may do so at the risk of “cheapening” our resulting cognitive achievements Arguing about bioethics, Routledge, London, 2012; Harris in Bioethics 25:102–111, 2011). While there are several possible responses to this worry, we will highlight what we take to be one of the most promising—one which draws on a recent strand of thinking in social and virtue epistemology to construct an integrationist defence of cognitive enhancement.. (...) According to such a line, there is—despite initial appearances to the contrary—no genuine tension between using enhancements to attain our goals and achieving these goals in a valuable way provided the relevant enhancement is appropriately integrated into the agent’s cognitive architecture. In this paper, however, we show that the kind of integration recommended by such views will likely come at a high cost. More specifically, we highlight a dilemma for users of pharmacological cognitive enhancement: they can meet the conditions for cognitive integration at the significant risk of dangerous dependency, or remain free of such dependency while foregoing integration and the valuable achievements that such integration enables. After motivating and clarifying the import of this dilemma, we offer recommendations for how future cognitive enhancement research may offer potential routes for navigating past it. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio acerca de la efectividad de la corrección indirecta del error escrito o feedback correctivo escrito indirecto, en la promoción del uso preciso de la concordancia sujeto-verbo en tercera persona singular entre estudiantes con un nivel elemental de competencia lingüística, que aprenden inglés como lengua extranjera a nivel escolar. La muestra estuvo constituida por 39 estudiantes de 8° año de un colegio particular pagado de la región del Biobío, Chile, a quienes se (...) le aplicó un pretest, un posttest-inmediato y un posttest diferido. Los resultados demuestran que la técnica de corrección utilizada representa una herramienta efectiva para la promoción del uso gramaticalmente preciso de la concordancia sujeto-verbo aun cuando los estudiantes poseen un nivel básico de competencia en la lengua extranjera.: This article reports on a study of the effectiveness of indirect correction of written error or indirect written corrective feedback in the promotion of the accurate use of subject-verb agreement in the third person singular among students with an elementary level of linguistic competence who learn English as a foreign language at the school level. The sample consisted of 39 8th grade students at a private school in the Biobío region, Chile, who were given a pre-test, an immediate post-test and a delayed post-test. The results show that the correction technique represents an effective tool for the improvement of the grammatically accurate use of subject-verb agreement even when students have a basic level of competence in the foreign language. (shrink)

The fourteen authors in this collection used phenomenology and hermeneutics to conduct deep inquiry into perplexing and wondrous events in their work and personal lives. These seasoned scholar-practitioners gained remarkable insight into areas such as health care and illness, organ donation, intercultural communications, high-performance teams, artistic production, jazz improvisation, and the integration of Tai Chi into education. All authors were transformed by phenomenology's expanded ways of seeing and being.

This review is primarily concerned with two key issues in research on dystrophin: (1) how the protein interacts with the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibres and (2) how an absence of dystrophin gives rise to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In relation to the first point, we suggest that the post‐translational acylation of dystrophin may contribute to its interaction with the plasma membrane. Regarding the second point, it is generally considered that an absence of dystrophin makes the plasma membrane susceptible to (...) damage by contraction/relaxation cycles. In this connection, we propose that the progressive nature of Duchenne dystrophy, and the phenotypic characteristics of mdx mice, are more consistent with dystrophin functioning as a mechanical transducer that transmits growth stimuli from the enlarging skeleton to the muscle. On the basis of this hypothesis, dystrophin‐deficient muscles would be unable to grow at the same rate as the skeleton. (shrink)

8 March, now known as International Women’s Day, is a day for feminist claims where demonstrations are organized in over 150 countries, with the participation of millions of women all around the world. These demonstrations can be viewed as collective rituals and thus focus attention on the processes that facilitate different psychosocial effects. This work aims to explore the mechanisms involved in participation in the demonstrations of 8 March 2020, collective and ritualized feminist actions, and their correlates associated with personal (...) well-being and collective well-being, collective efficacy and collective growth, and behavioral intention to support the fight for women’s rights. To this end, a cross-cultural study was conducted with the participation of 2,854 people from countries in Latin America and Europe, with a retrospective correlational cross-sectional design and a convenience sample. Participants were divided between demonstration participants and non-demonstrators or followers who monitored participants through the media and social networks. Compared with non-demonstrators and with males, female and non-binary gender respondents had greater scores in mechanisms and criterion variables. Further random-effects model meta-analyses revealed that the perceived emotional synchrony was consistently associated with more proximal mechanisms, as well as with criterion variables. Finally, sequential moderation analyses showed that proposed mechanisms successfully mediated the effects of participation on every criterion variable. These results indicate that participation in 8M marches and demonstrations can be analyzed through the literature on collective rituals. As such, collective participation implies positive outcomes both individually and collectively, which are further reinforced through key psychological mechanisms, in line with a Durkheimian approach to collective rituals. (shrink)

Despite spending more on health care than every other industrialized country, the U.S. ranks 37th in health outcomes. These differences cannot be explained away with differences in age and income, or even with quality of care. And, the rate of growth in health care spending in the U.S. continues to increase. The share of the Gross Domestic Product attributable to health care grew from 9% in 1980 to more than 17% in 2011. Health care costs are projected to account for (...) more than one-fifth of our economy by 2021. Despite spending more and more, the U.S. does not have better health outcomes than other countries. Worse, our increasing spending is largely attributable to preventable conditions. More than 85 cents of every dollar spent on health in the U.S. are spent on the treatment and management of chronic diseases, such as those caused by preventable conditions related to obesity and tobacco use. (shrink)

BackgroundThe issue of stigma is very important in the battle against HIV/aids in Africa since it may affect patient attendance at healthcare centres for obtaining antiretroviral medications and regular medical check-ups. Stigmatization creates an unnecessary culture of secrecy and silence based on ignorance and fear of victimization. This study was designed to determine if there is external stigmatization of people living with HIV and AIDS by health care workers at a tertiary hospital in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The study investigated (...) the impact of knowledge of HIV/aids by HCWs on treatment of patients, as well as the comfort level and attitude of HCWs when rendering care to PLWHA.MethodsA descriptive cross sectional study was designed to collect data using an anonymous self-administered structured questionnaire from 334 HCWs. The study was conducted in clinical departments of a large multidisciplinary 922-bed tertiary care teaching hospital in Durban, KZN.ResultsOverall HCWs had an above average knowledge about HIV/aids although some gaps in knowledge were identified. Tests of statistical significance showed that there was association between level of education and knowledge of HIV/aids ; occupation and knowledge of HIV/aids ; and gender and knowledge of HIV/aids. Test for comfort level was only significant for gender, with males showing more comfort and empathy when dealing with PLWHA. The study also revealed that patients were sometimes tested for HIV without informed consent before surgery, due to fear of being infected, and there was some gossiping about patients' HIV status by HCWs, thereby compromising patient confidentiality. The majority of HCWs showed a willingness to report incidents of stigmatization and discrimination to higher authorities, for better monitoring and control.ConclusionsAlthough knowledge, attitude and comfort level of HCWs taking care of PLWHA was above average, enforcement of existing antidiscrimination laws and continuing education in medical ethics and healthcare law, would greatly improve the performance of HCWs taking care of PLWHAs. More psychological support and counselling should be provided to HCWs, to further reduce the impact of stigmatization and discrimination against PLWHA. (shrink)

Background Policy decisions about childhood vaccination require consideration of multiple, sometimes conflicting, public health and ethical imperatives. Examples of these decisions are whether vaccination should be mandatory and, if so, whether to allow for non-medical exemptions. In this article we argue that these policy decisions go beyond typical public health mandates and therefore require democratic input.Methods We report on the design, implementation, and results of a deliberative public forum convened over four days in Ontario, Canada, on the topic of childhood (...) vaccination.Results 25 participants completed all four days of deliberation and collectively developed 20 policy recommendations on issues relating to mandatory vaccinations and exemptions, communication about vaccines and vaccination, and AEFI (adverse events following immunization) compensation and reporting. Notable recommendations include unanimous support for mandatory childhood vaccination in Ontario, the need for broad educational communication about vaccination, and the development of a no-fault compensation scheme for AEFIs. There was persistent disagreement among deliberants about the form of exemptions from vaccination (conscience, religious beliefs) that should be permissible, as well as appropriate consequences if parents do not vaccinate their children.Conclusions We conclude that conducting deliberative democratic processes on topics that are polarizing and controversial is viable and should be further developed and implemented to support democratically legitimate and trustworthy policy about childhood vaccination. (shrink)

This chapter brings a philosophical perspective to the concept of stem cell. Three general questions both clarify the concept of stem cell and emphasize its ambiguities: (1) How should we define stem cells? (2) What makes them different from non-stem cells? (3) What is their ontology? (i.e. what kind of property is “stemness”?) Following this last question, the Chapter distinguishes four conceptions of stem cells and highlights their respective consequences for the cancer stem cell theory. Determining what kind of property (...) stemness is, in what context, is an urgent question, at least for therapeutic strategies against cancers. I hope that this chapter also illustrates how philosophy can be useful to biology. -/- The Chapter starts by clarifying the notions of self-renewal and differentiation. This leads to the question “can we (and if so, how) distinguish stem cells from non-stem cells through these two properties?”. From that will follow an interrogation on whether stem cells belong to a natural kind. On this issue, biologists and philosophers have framed the following alternative: either the concept of stem cell refers to entities (the cells that belong to the stem cell natural kind) or it refers to a transient and reversible cell state. I will argue that four conceptions of stemness should be distinguished rather than two. Finally, I will develop the case of the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory in order to show why it is crucial to answer the ontological question: some therapies might or might not be efficient depending on what stemness is. (shrink)

Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterised by self-starvation. Accounts of AN typically frame the disorder in individualistic terms: e.g., genetic predisposition, perceptual disturbances of body size and shape, experiential bodily disturbances. Without disputing the role these factors may play in developing AN, we instead draw attention to the way disordered eating practices in AN are actively supported by others. Specifically, we consider how Pro-Anorexia (ProAna) websites—which provide support and solidarity, tips, motivational content, a sense of community, and understanding (...) to individuals with AN—help drive and maintain AN practices. We use C. Thi Nguyen’s work on epistemic “echo chambers”, along with Maria Lugones’ work on “worlds” and “ease”, to explore the dynamics of these processes. Adopting this broader temporal and intersubjective perspective, we argue, not only helps to further illuminate the experiential character of AN but also has important clinical and therapeutic significance. (shrink)

Chicanas and Mexican women share a history of colonialism that has (a) sustained oppressive constructions of gender roles and sexuality, (b) produced and reproduced them as racially inferior and as able to be silenced, conquered, and dominated physically and mentally, and (c) contributed to the exploitation of their labor. Given that colonialism has also come to shape the way young women of Mexican heritage learn in mainstream US schools, informal education from everyday women's conviviality and solidarity becomes a pivotal context (...) in which they can learn how to reconstitute colonial legacies. We examine how a group of Mexican working-class immigrant women at home and in a sweatshop fashion a girl named Ana, the main character in the popular film Real Women Have Curves, into a confident young woman who engages in what Pérez (1999, 2003) refers to as empowering and dynamic decolonial ways of seeing, knowing, doing, being, and reconstituting. In spite of its contradictions that, at times, assist in reproducing Ana as an oppressed laborer, it is their doing that helps produce her as a woman who engages in decolonial practices by facilitating her to deftly negotiate an oppressive economic and patriarchal space, a mainstream feminist space, and a space where their embodiments and creative cultural discourse, practices, and beliefs shine. As such, the film provides a powerful counterstory (Delgado 1989) that disrupts the chokehold of the logic of colonialism and how it seeks to classify, stereotype, and control young women like Ana. (shrink)

Idealization is commonly understood as distortion: representing things differently than how they actually are. In this paper, we outline an alternative artifactual approach that does not make misrepresentation central for the analysis of idealization. We examine the contrast between the Hodgkin-Huxley (1952a, b, c) and the Heimburg-Jackson (2005, 2006) models of the nerve impulse from the artifactual perspective, and argue that, since the two models draw upon different epistemic resources and research programs, it is often difficult to tell which features (...) of a system the central assumptions involved are supposed to distort. Many idealizations are holistic in nature. They cannot be locally undone without dismantling the model, as they occupy a central position in the entire research program. Nor is their holistic character mainly related to the use of mathematical and statistical modeling techniques as portrayed by Rice (2018, 2019). We suggest that holistic idealizations are implicit theoretical and representational assumptions that can only be understood in relation to the conceptual and representational tools exploited in modeling and experimental practices. Such holistic idealizations play a pivotal role not just in individual models, but also in defining research programs. -/- . (shrink)